Meals
Terracotta model which represents a lion's paw tripod table, 2nd1st millennium BCE, from Myrina, Louvre
At home
The Greeks experienced four meal a day. Breakfast ( akratismos) consisted of barley bread dipped around wine beverages ( akratos), oftentimes complemented by way of figs and also olives. A rapid noon-time meal ( ariston) had been consumed around noon or quick afternoon. Dinner ( deipnon), the most crucial mealtime in the day, was generally obtained during nightfall. An additional light meal ( hesperisma) was at times consumed the particular later afternoon. / aristodeipnon, practically "lunch-dinner", was functioned in the actual the later part of mid-day as an alternative to dinner.
Men along with women went on their dinners separately. When the household had been way too small, the men ate first, the actual ladies afterwards. Slaves continued to wait during dinners. Aristotle information that "the poor, acquiring no slaves, must apply their spouse and youngsters as servants".
The ancient Greek custom made for you to place terra cotta miniatures in their furniture throughout kid's graves allows us wise connected with its fashion along with design. The Greeks commonly ingested although seated on chairs; benches had been used with regard to banquets. The tables, higher for normal meal and low pertaining to banquets, ended up to begin with rectangular in shape. But with the fourth hundred years BCE, the same old table ended up being round, usually along with animal-shaped lower limbs (for instance lion's paws). Loaves with ripped bread may be utilized as plates, nevertheless terra cotta plates were much more common. Dishes grew to become additional processed about time, and also from the Roman time period china ended up sometimes made from valuable precious metals or perhaps glass. Cutlery ended up being not really normally made use of at table: Use of the fork appeared to be unknown; persons ate using their fingers. Knives have been utilized to lower that meat. Spoons were used intended for soups in addition to broths. Pieces of bread ( apomagdalia) may be used to table spoon the foodstuff or since napkins, that will wipe the fingers.
Social dining
Banqueter enjoying this kottabos, a irreverent subversion belonging to the libation, ca. 510 BCE, Louvre
As with contemporary dinner parties, the intended for could possibly simply invite good friends or even family; however two various other forms regarding social food were central in traditional Greece: your leisure belonging to the all-male symposium, and also the obligatory, regimental syssitia.
Symposium
Main article: Symposium
The symposium ( symposion), usually translated when "banquet", but additional honestly "gathering regarding drinkers", has been one of several desired hobbies to the Greeks. It consisted with two parts: the 1st focused on food, normally rather simple, including a second component focused on drinking. However, wine beverage has been ingested with all the food, along with the beverages ended up associated with treats ( tragmata) for instance chestnuts, beans, toasted wheat, as well as darling cakes; just about all made to absorb alcohol and extend the ingesting spree.
The second part has been inaugurated using a libation, individual bankruptcy in dignity of Dionysus, with dialogue as well as family table games, just like kottabos. The visitors would likely recline on couches ( klinai); lower tables used thier food or game boards. Dancers, acrobats, and music artists could enliven the actual well-off banqueters. A "king from the banquet" was moved by means of lots; he had the task with aiming this slaves regarding the way sturdy to blend the wine.
With the exception connected with dancers along with courtesans, this banquet was strictly earmarked regarding men. It appeared to be a critical element of Greek societal life. Great feasts could exclusively be afforded from the rich; with many Greek homes, strict feasts as well as family members occurrences ended up the actual event involving more moderate banquets. The banquet grew to become your establishing of your precise genre involving literature, having a baby to Plato's Symposium, Xenophon's perform belonging to the very same name, that Table Talk of Plutarch's Moralia, as well as the Deipnosophists (Banquet belonging to the Learned) connected with Athenaeus.
Syssitia
Main article: Syssitia
The syssitia ( ta syssitia) were being obligatory meals propagated by simply cultural or non secular organizations intended for adult men and youths, particularly around Crete in addition to Sparta. They have been called to help variously while hetairia, pheiditia, and also andreia (literally, "belonging to men"). They equally functioned as being a types of aristocratic club in addition to a military mess. Like the actual symposium, the syssitia was that distinctive domain of gentlemen although several references are actually located to help all-female syssitia. Unlike the symposium, these food were being hallmarked by means of easiness along with temperance.
Foods
Bread
Woman kneading bread, c. 500475 BCE, National Archaeological Museum of Athens
Cereals shaped this staple diet. The a pair of main grains had been wheat ( sitos) and barley. Wheat grains were softened by means of soaking, subsequently often lowered directly into gruel, or perhaps surface into flour ( aleiata) and also kneaded as well as formed into loaves ( artos) and also flatbreads, also simple and also compounded with cheese or perhaps honey. Leavening has been known; the actual Greeks later on employed an alkali ( nitron) or perhaps wine beverages abolish as leavening agent. Dough loaves had been baked at your home from a clay stove ( ipnos) set with legs. A better technique consisted in putting lighted coals on the terrain as well as in the heap which has a dome-shaped cover ( pnigeus); when it had been sizzling enough, the particular coals were swept aside, cash loaves had been subjected to the particular warm floor, this protect was put instruction online area as well as the coals had been gathered on the facet from the cover. The natural s tone tandoor didn't look until finally the particular Roman period. Solon, an Athenian lawmaker from the 6th century BCE, prescribed by doctors that leavened bread possibly be set-aside for meal days. By the finale from the 5th millennium BC, leavened bread appeared to be offered on the market, though it was before expensive.
Barley was less difficult to make however near impossible to produce bread from. It presented a new nourishing but incredibly weighty bread. Because of your it had been frequently roasted before milling, to become a coarse flour ( alphita) that's utilised in making maza, that basic Greek dish. In Peace, Aristophanes utilizes the time period , virtually "to have only barley", having a this means equal to the English "diet of bread and water". Many tested recipes for maza tend to be known; them may be offered cooked or even raw, to be a broth, or made straight into dumplings or even flatbreads. Like wheat breads, it could actually furthermore become augmented together with cheese and also honey.
Fruit and vegetables
The cereals were generally made came with by means of just what exactly was generically referred to as opson, "relish". The word of mouth initially supposed anything organized on the fire, and, by simply extension, something which usually followed bread. In the traditional period this emerged in order to reference sea food plus vegetables: cabbage, onions, lentils, sweet peas, chickpeas, large beans, lawn peas, turf peas, etc. They were eaten as your soup, boiled or mashed ( etnos), master together with olive oil, vinegar, herbal remedies or gron, a fish sauce just like Vietnamese n m. According to be able to Aristophanes, mashed espresso beans had been an appreciated dish of Heracles, always manifested for a glutton in comedies. Poor people ate oak acorns ( balanoi).. Raw or even stored olives have been a common appetizer.
In the cities, fresh new vegetables and fruits have been expensive: the particular poorer urban center dwellers needed to help make do together with dried out vegetables. Lentil soup ( phak) has been the workman's typical dish. Cheese, garlic and onions were this soldier's standard fare. In Peace, the particular fragrance connected with onions usually represents soldiers; the particular chorus, celebrating the finale involving war, sings Oh! joy, joy! very little extra helmet, get rid of cheese nor onions! Bitter vetch ended up being considered a starvation food.
Fruits, fresh or perhaps dried, along with nuts, were being eaten while dessert. Important fruits were figs, raisins and pomegranates. Dried figs have been as well tried as a strong appetizer as well as when sipping wine. In that other case, these people were frequently combined with grilled chestnuts, chick peas, plus beechnuts.
Fish as well as Meat
Sacrifice; most important origin with various meats for urban center dwellers right here some sort of boar; tondo of your Attic kylix through the Epidromos Painter, c.510500 BCE, Louvre
The usage of bass in addition to various meats variable in respect with all the money along with spot of the household; inside country, auto (primarily trapping) permitted pertaining to consumption associated with parrots and also hares. Peasants in addition acquired farmyards to make these individuals by using chickens and also geese. Slightly wealthier landowners could bring up goats, pigs, or sheep. In the city, various meats ended up being costly apart from for pork. In Aristophanes' day a new piglet expense three drachmas, that has been some nights income with regard to a public servant. Sausages were frequent both for your poor as well as the rich.
In the 8th century BCE Hesiod represents the best region feast in Works and Days:
But at the beginning enable me have a very shady rock and roll and Bibline wine, a clot connected with curds and milk regarding exhausted goats while using come of a heifer fed from the woods, that has for no reason calved, and also of firstling kids; after that in addition make me personally consume vivid wine
Meat is actually a reduced amount of visible inside text messages regarding the actual 5th century BCE onwards when compared with within the earliest poetry, but this tends to possibly be a new matter associated with genre in lieu of actual proof of alterations around farming and food customs. The over eating involving fresh animal meat was having a spiritual ritual through which the particular gods' promote (fat in addition to bones) has been burnt off while the human talk about (meat) has been grilled and distributed towards participants; there seemed to be however a new dynamic trade throughout cooked and salted meats, which will required not any ritual.
Spartans largely consumed pork stew, your "black broth" ( melas zmos). According in order to Plutarch, it turned out "so considerably valued that this elderly men fed simply upon that, departing exactly what come there were for the younger". It had been famous within the Greeks. "Naturally Spartans will be the bravest gentlemen while in the world", joked a Sybarite, "anyone throughout his sensory faculties prefer to perish ten multitude of periods than take his / her promote associated with this type of i am sorry diet". It appeared to be constructed with pork, salt, vinegar as well as blood. The dish seemed to be offered using maza, figs plus cheese often supplemented having adventure and also fish. The 2nd3rd centuries publisher Aelian, promises in which Spartan wanna-be cooks were disallowed from preparing something aside from meat.
In that Greek islands in addition to for the coast, unique perch as well as seafood (squid, octopus, plus shellfish) had been common. They were swallowed in your neighborhood but often transported inland. Sardines in addition to anchovies had been regular cost to the individuals regarding Athens. They have been oftentimes offered fresh, but far more regularly salted. A stele belonging to the late 1 / 3 hundred years BCE with the small Boeotian town regarding Akraiphia, on Lake Copais, provides us which has a list of perch prices. The least expensive had been skaren (probably parrotfish) whereas northern bluefin tuna appeared to be three times as expensive. Common salt water sea food were yellowfin tuna, red-colored mullet, ray, swordfish or sturgeon, a delicacy that is consumed salted. Lake Copais itself seemed to be famous in all
Greece for its eels, aplauded through your main character with The Acharnians. Other freshwater f ish ended up pike-fish, carp along with the a lesser amount of valued catfish.
Eggs in addition to dairy products
Greeks selectively bred quails along with hens, to a certain extent therefore to their eggs. Some creators of these studies also encouragement pheasant ovum as well as Egyptian Goose eggs, which were being possibly quite rare. Eggs were cooked properly soft- or even hard-boiled as hors d'uvre or even dessert. Whites, yolks along with full eggs have been also utilised when elements within the prep regarding dishes. Country dwellers drank milk ( gala), but it surely has been seldom utilized in cooking. Butter ( bouturon) appeared to be known but seldom utilised either: Greeks discovered it as a culinary feature belonging to the Thracians associated with your north Aegean coast, whom that Middle Comic poet Anaxandrides dubbed "butter eaters". Yet Greeks appreciated various other dairy products. Pyriat, seemed to be a form regarding wide milk, often incorrectly recognized while yogurt. Most involving all, goat's and ewe's cheese () tyros) seemed to be your staple food. Fresh plus tricky cheese were purchased from various shops; the first sort expense related to a couple thirds with the latter's price. Cheese appeared to be eaten on your own or with honies or even vegetables. It had been furthermore applied as an ingredient while in the prep of countless dishes, including fish dishes. The only extant recipe from the Sicilian cook Mithaecus runs: "Tainia: gut, throw out the actual head, rins e out in addition to fillet; bring cheese and olive oil". However, this add-on involving cheese appears to own recently been a controversial matter; Archestratus warns his readers this Syracusan cooks pamper very good seafood by way of adding cheese.
Drink
Attican Rhyton, c.460450 BCE, National Archaeological Museum associated with Athens
The almost all frequent beverage has been water. Fetching water has been a daily endeavor intended for women. Though wells were being common, springtime water seemed to be preferred: it had been named healthful because doing so brought on plants in addition to trees that will grow, and in addition as a desirable beverage. Pindar referred to as originate water "as reasonable because honey". The Greeks might summarize water when robust, large or light, dry, acidic, pungent, wine-like, etc. One belonging to the comic poet Antiphanes's characters said this he may possibly recognize Attic water by quality alone. Athenaeus declares that your range of philosophers acquired your history to get drinking nothing but water, a addiction combined with a vegetarian diet plan (cf.below). Milk, typically goats' milk, was furthermore consumed.
The standard having vessel appeared to be the actual skyphos, crafted from wood, terra cotta, and also metal. Critias also mentions that kothon, a new Spartan goblet which will had the navy advantage of covering that color belonging to the normal water out of check out and trapping mud in their edge. They also used some sort of drinking vessel called a new kylix (a short footed bowl), and pertaining to banquets the particular kantharos (a heavy goblet having handles) or perhaps the rhyton, a new drinking horn generally moulded into the kind of a people or perhaps puppy head.
Wine
See also: Ancient
Greece and wine
Banqueter gets to in to a krater with a great oenochoe to be able to replenish his or her kylix with wine, c.490480 BCE, Louvre
The Greeks are thought to possess produced reddish colored along with ros as well as light wines. As at the current time, countless features regarding production were being found, through widespread desk wine beverages to antique qualities. The finest wines, on the whole opinion, originated Thsos, Lesbos along with Chios. Cretan wine beverages came to be able to prominence later. A secondary wine made from waters and pomace (the deposit from crammed grapes), compounded together with lees, appeared to be built simply by country men and women for their unique use. The Greeks occasionally sweetened his or her homemade wine having honies and also made healing wines by adding thyme, pennyroyal along with other herbs. By the primary century, or even before, they were experienced with wine beverages flavoured with pine resin (modern retsina). Aelian furthermore mentions a wine beverage put together with perfume. Cooked wine beverage seemed to be known, as well as a great wines through Thsos, comparable to interface wine.
Wine was generally cut by using water. The sipping regarding akraton or even "unmixed wine", although considered practised by simply upper barbarians, was believed gonna direct that will mayhem along with death. Wine was compounded within a krater, that the slaves would populate this drinker's kylix together with an oinochoe (jugs). Wine had been in addition utilised as a generic medication, becoming used to possess healing virtue. Aelian mentions that this wine from Heraia inside Arcadia rendered males foolish although women fertile; conversely, Achaean wine seemed to be thought to encourage abortion. Outside worth mentioning treatment uses, Greek culture would not approve of women ingesting wine; based on Aelian, a Massalian legislations prohibited this specific in addition to restricted women of all ages in order to drinking water. Sparta appeared to be the only urban center where by women of all ages regularly drank wine.
Wine set aside for community utilize appeared to be held around skins. That most likely going on the market had been poured directly into pithoi, (large terra cotta jugs). From in this article these people were decanted straight into amphoras sealed together with pitch for in the store sale. Vintage wines carried rubber stamps from the suppliers and/or urban center magistrates whom sure their origin. This will be among the list of very first conditions connected with revealing the geographical or qualitative provenance on the product, which is your basis in the modern-day appellations d'origine contrles certification.
Kykeon
Hecamede preparing kykeon to get Nestor, kylix by the Brygos Painter, ca. 490 BC, Louvre
The Greeks as well drank kykeon (, from kyka, "to shake, to mix"), that's both equally a cocktail and also a meal. It was a barley gruel, in order to which often normal water and also herbal products were being added. In the actual Iliad, that beverage in addition comprised grated goat cheese. In your Odyssey, Circe adds darling as well as a powerful potion in order to it. In your Homeric Hymn in order to Demeter, your goddess refuses merlot but accepts your kykeon built associated with water, flour, and pennyroyal. Used as a practice drinks from the Eleusinian Mysteries, ?t had been as well a popular beverage, particularly while in the countryside: Theophrastus, with his Characters, represents a boorish peasant as having washed down the sink significantly kykeon as well as inconveniencing the particular Assembly with his terrible breath. It additionally experienced a standing being a excellent digestive, in addition to such, within Peace, Hermes recommends it towards p rimary character who have consumed an excessive amount of dried up fruit.
Food preparation
Food played a crucial component while in the Greek manner of thought. Classicist John Wilkins notes that will "in that Odyssey for example, fine gentlemen are named out of awful and Greeks coming from their own mostly in terms of the way along with just what they ate. Herodotus identified people to some extent with regard to food and eating".
Up on the 1 / 3 century BCE, that frugality imposed from the physical along with climatic conditions on the nation was presented since virtuous. The Greeks failed to disregard the treats with eating, however appreciated simplicity. The non-urban copy writer Hesiod, while reported by above, spoken connected with his "flesh on the heifer feasted inside woods, containing in no way calved, plus with firstling kids" as being the perfect closing with a day. Nonetheless, Chrysippus will be quoted seeing that nevertheless the particular best meal had been a free of charge one.
Culinary plus gastronomical exploration ended up being terminated like a warning associated with oriental flabbiness: this Persian Empire ended up being regarded as decadent as a result of their fantastic taste, which usually manifested itself for their cuisine. The Greek experts took satisfaction within reporting your kitchen table in the Achaemenid Great King as well as his / her court: Herodotus, Clearchus associated with Soli, Strabo plus Ctesias have been unanimous for their descriptions.
Fresh fish, among the list of favourite meals associated with that Greeks, platter with crimson figures, c.350325 BCE, Louvre
In contrast, Greeks in its entirety anxious the austerity of their own diet. Plutarch conveys to the way the cal . king of Pontus, eager provide your Spartan "black gruel", acquired a Laconian cook; "but have simply no earlier tasted the idea than he / she located it extremely bad, that your cook observing, explained to him, "Sir, to produce that broth relish, it is best to have bathed yourself initial in the river Evrotas".". According to be able to Polyaenus, upon finding your dining hallway with the Persian royal palace, Alexander the Great mocked their preferences along with blamed them for his or her defeat. Pausanias, on acquiring the eating routine with the Persian commander Mardonius, every bit as ridiculed the actual Persians, "who obtaining so much, followed to rob the Greeks with their dismal living".
In consequence of your cult of frugality, as well as the diminished reverence with regard to cooking the idea inspired, that kitchen area long continued to be the website associated with women, free or enslaved. In the classical period, however, cooking authorities started out that will enter the authored record. Both Aelian and Athenaeus refer to this 1000 cooks who came with Smindyride with Sybaris on his / her voyage to be able to Athens on the period with Cleisthenes, if only disapprovingly. Plato around Gorgias, brings up "Thearion the particular cook, Mithaecus the writer of a treatise on Sicilian cooking, and also Sarambos the wine merchant; three prestigious connoisseurs connected with cake, home and also wine." Some culinary chefs likewise authored treatises on cuisine.
Over time, more and more Greeks brought to you ourselves as gourmets. From the Hellenistic to the Roman period, the particular Greeks a minimum of your loaded don't was first any further austere compared to others. The cultivated attendees with the party hosted by Athenaeus from the subsequent or maybe finally one hundred year focused your great a part of their conversation to wine and gastronomy. They discussed the particular capabilities of various wines, vegetables, and meats, referfing to famous pots and pans (stuffed cuttlefish, red tuna belly, prawns, lettuce watered using mead) along with fantastic cooks for instance Soterides, cook to help full Nicomedes I connected with Bithynia (who reigned through the 279 that will a pair of BCE). When his master seemed to be inland, this individual pined for anchovies; Soterides simulated all of them through meticulously carved turnips, oiled, salted as well as sprinkled having poppy seeds. Suidas (an encyclopaedia from your Byzantine period) mistakenly attributes this make use of into the celebrated Roman spectacular Apicius (1st century BCE) 89] that might become taken because studies which this Greeks possessed achieved exactly the same degree since the Romans.
Specific diets
Vegetarianism
Triptolemus acquired wheat sheaves from Demeter along with benefits from Persephone, 5th one hundred year BCE relief, National Archaeological Museum with Athens
Orphicism and Pythagoreanism, two common historical Greek religions, recommended a new distinct way of life, centered using a concept of wholesomeness and thus refinement ( katharsis) a sort of asceticism inside the first sense: asksis primarily implies your ritual, after that a unique knack of life. Vegetarianism appeared to be a core element of Orphicism along with regarding numerous variations connected with Pythagoreanism.
Empedocles (5th centuries BCE) justified vegetarianism with a thinking while in the transmigration connected with souls: who could ensure in which an animal about to be slaughtered did not house the particular spirit of your human being? However, it can be observed in which Empedocles additionally bundled crops in such a transmigration, consequently this identical sense must have applied to be able to eating them. Vegetarianism was additionally because of your hate pertaining to killing: "For Orpheus shown us all rites along with to be able to refrain from killing".
The information from Pythagoras (6th hundred years BCE) is harder to be able to define. The Comedic authors just like Aristophon and Alexis referred to Pythagoreans as just vegetarian, with some of them existing about bread plus water alone. Other tradition contented independantly by using prohibiting the utilization of particular vegetables, such as the wide bean, or connected with sacred wildlife like the whitened wang and also decided on animal parts.
It employs that will vegetarianism along with the prospect of ascetic purity were closely associated, and also generally alongside sperm abstinence. In On the particular feeding on associated with flesh, Plutarch (1st2nd century) elaborated on the barbarism with blood-spilling; inverting the actual regular terms regarding debate, he expected the meat-eater to help warrant his choice.
The Neoplatonic Porphyrius (3rd century) affiliates within On Abstinence vegetarianism using the Cretan puzzle cults, plus provides a new census involving past vegetarians, commencing when using the semi-mythical Epimenides. For him, this origins of vegetarianism was Demeter's reward regarding wheat in order to Triptolemus consequently that they could train agriculture to be able to humanity. His three commandments were: "Honour a person's parents", "Honour your gods having fruit", and pare this animals".
Athlete diets
Aelian boasts how the very first sportsman to help distribute to somewhat of a formal diet was Ikkos regarding Tarentum, a victor inside Olympic pentathlon (perhaps with 444 BC). However, Olympic struggling champion (62nd through 66th Olympiads) Milo of Croton was already explained that will feed on twenty weight regarding the protein dish and twenty pounds of bakery in order to ingest eight quarts involving wine beverage each day. Before his or her time, athletes ended up told undertake xrophaga (from xros, "dry"), a diet program determined by dried up foods such when dried figs, fresh cheese as well as bread. Pythagoras (either the philosopher and also a gymnastics grasp of the similar name) has been the first to primary athletes to eat meat.
Trainers later enforced a few standard diet regime rules: being an Olympic victor, "you should eat reported by regulations, refrain from sweets (); you should definitely not ingest frigid normal water nor is it possible use a consume associated with wine beverage while you want". It seems the following eating habits ended up being largely according to meat, for Galen (ca. 180 AD) accused athletes regarding his day of "always gorging themselved on real world along with blood". Pausanias in addition comes from a "meat diet".
Notes
^ ^ The manifestation generates inside Sir Colin Renfrew's The Emergence associated with Civilisation: The Cyclades and also the Aegean inside The Third Millennium BC, 1972, p.280.
^ Flacelire, p.205.
^ At enough time with Homer as well as the earlier tragedies, the concept of a signified the initial mealtime in the day, that's not really frugal: in Iliad 24:124, Achilles's companions slaughter a sheep to get breakfast.
^ a b c Flacelire, p.206.
^ Alexis fgt.214 Kock = Athenaeus 47e.
^ Dalby, p.5.
^ Dalby, p.15.
^ Politics 1323a4.
^ Dalby, pp.1314.
^ a b c d Flacelire, p.209.
^ a new b Sparkes, p.132.
^ Aristophanes Knights 41316; Pollux 6.93.
^ a new b Flacelire, p.212.
^ Flacelire, p.213.
^ some sort of b Flacelire, p.215.
^ Dalby, pp.9091.
^ your b Migeotte, p.62.
^ Galen, On this homes associated with Food 1.10; Dalby p.91.
^ Sparkes, p.127.
^ Sparkes, p.128.
^ Flacelire, p.207.
^ Aristophanes, Frogs 858 and Wasps 238.
^ Dalby, p.91.
^ Peace 449.
^ Dalby, p.22.
^ Scholia that will Homer, Iliad' 11.630.
^ See Kimberly-Hatch.
^ The Frogs 6263.
^ Dalby, p.89.
^ Dalby, p.23.
^ Dalby, p.90; Flint-Hamilton, p.75.
^ Flacelire, p.208.
^ Peace 11271129. Peace. trans. Eugene O'Neill, Jr. 1938. accessed twenty three May 2006.
^ Demosthenes, Against Androtion 15.
^ Peace 374.
^ Sparkes, p.123.
^ Hesiod. Works along with Days 58893, trans. Hugh G. Evelyn-White 1914. looked at 23 May 2006
^ Life associated with Lycurgus 12:12.
^ Apud Athenaeus 138d, trans. cited through Dalby, p.126.
^ Life connected with Lycurgus 12:3 along with Dichaearchus fgt.72 Wehrli.
^ Various History 14:7.
^ Dalby, p.67.
^ Athenaeus, Epitome 58b.
^ Dalby, p.65.
^ Athenaeus 151b.
^ Galen, On the houses with food, 3.15.
^ Dalby, p.66.
^ Athenaeus 325f.
^ Athenaeus 40f41a commenting on Odyssey 17.208.
^ Athenaeus 41a commenting on Iliad 2.753.
^ Pindar, fgt.198 B4.
^ smatds, Athenaeus 42a.
^ barystathmoteros, Athenaeus 42c.
^ kouphos, Athenaeus 42c.
^ kataxros, Athenaeus 43a.
^ oxys, Theopompus fgt.229 M. I316 = Athenaeus 43b.
^ trakuteros, Athenaeus 43b.
^ oinds, Athenaeus 42c.
^ Antiphanes fgt.179 Kock = Athenaeus 43b.
^ Athenaeus 44.
^ Apud Plutarch, Life regarding Lycurgus, 9:78.
^ Athenaeus 28d.
^ First mention within Dioscorides, Materia Medica 5.34; Dalby, p.150.
^ Various History 12:31.
^ Athenaeus 31d.
^ E.g. Menander, Samia 394.
^ Various History, 13:6.
^ Various History, 2:38.
^ Dalby, p.889.
^ Iliad 15:638641.
^ Odyssey 10:234.
^ Homeric hymn to help Demeter 208.
^ Characters 4:23.
^ Peace 712.
^ Wilkins, "Introduction: part II" with Wilkins, Harvey along with Dobson, p.3.
^ Apud Athenaeus 8c.
^ For some sort of comparing regarding Persian and Greek cuisine, view Briant, pp.297306.
^ Herodotus 1:133.
^ Apud Athenaeus 539b.
^ Description regarding
Greece 15:3,22.
^ Ctesias fgt.96 M = Athenaeus 67a.
^ Plutarch, Life of Lycurgus 12:13, trans. John Dryden. Accessed 26 May 2006.
^ Stratagems, 4:3,32.
^ Stratagems 4:82.
^ Various History 22:24.
^ Gorgias 518b.
^ Euphro Comicus fgt.11 Kock = Athenaeus 7d.
^ Suidas s.v. .
^ Dodds, pp.1545.
^ Aristophanes, Frogs 1032. Trans. Matthew Dillon, used couple of June 2006.
^ Flint-Hamilton, pp.379380.
^ Moralia 12:68.
^ On Abstinence 4.62.
^ Various History (11:3).
^ Athenaeus 412f.
^ Athenaeus 205.
^ Diogenes Laertius 8:12.
^ Epictetus, Discourses 15:25, trans. W.E. Sweet.
^ Exhortation with regard to Medicine 9, trans. S.G. Miller.
^ Pausanias 6:7.10.
See also
Greek cuisine
References
Briant, P. Histoire de l'Empire perse de Cyrus Alexandre. Paris: Fayard, 1996. ISBN 2-213-59667-0, translated with English as From Cyrus to help Alexander: A History connected with this Persian Empire. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 2002 ISBN 1-57506-031-0
Dalby, A. Siren Feasts: A History of Food plus Gastronomy around Greece. London: Routledge, 1996. ISBN 0-415-15657-2
Dodds, E.R. "The Greek Shamans as well as the particular Origins connected with Puritanism ", The Greek and the Irrational (Sather Classical Lectures). Berkeley: University involving California Press, 1962 (1st edn 1959).
Flacelire R. La Vie quotidienne en Grce au temperatures de Pricls. Paris: Hachette, 1988 (1st edn. 1959) ISBN 2-01-005966-2, translated around English while Daily Life in
Greece at the Time of Pericles. London: Phoenix Press, 2002 ISBN 1-84212-507-9
Flint-Hamilton, K.B. "Legumes inside Ancient Greece in addition to Rome: Food, Medicine, or perhaps Poison?", Hesperia, Vol.68, No.3 (Jul.ep., 1999), pp.371385.
(French) Migeotte, L., L'conomie des cits grecques. Paris: Ellipses, 2002 ISBN 2-7298-0849-3
Sparkes, B.A. "The Greek Kitchen", The Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol.82, 1962 (1962), pp.121137.
Wilkins, J., Harvey, D. in addition to Dobson, M. Food with Antiquity. Exeter: University regarding Exeter Press, 1995. ISBN 0-85989-418-5
Further reading
(French) Amouretti, M.-Cl. Le Pain et l'huile dans la Grce antique. De l'araire au moulin. Paris: Belles Lettres, 1989.
(French) Delatte, A. Le Cycon, breuvage rituel des mystres d'leusis. Paris: Belles Lettres, 1955.
Detienne, M. plus Vernant, J.-P. (trans. Wissing, P.). The Cuisine regarding Sacrifice Among the actual Greeks. Chicago: The University associated with Chicago Press, 1989 (1st edn. 1979) ISBN 0-226-14353-8
External links
(French) "Vgtarisme, au commencement" (French words content about starting point involving vegetarianism)
A Taste from the Ancient World (University connected with Michigan)
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